Spay surgery is one of the most common veterinary procedures performed on female dogs. Also called an ovariohysterectomy, it involves removing the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus to prevent reproduction and reduce the risk of certain health problems.
Some veterinarians may perform an ovariectomy (removing only the ovaries), but the goals and outcomes are essentially the same.
While common, spay surgery is still major surgery. Understanding the procedure, risks, benefits, and recovery process helps pet parents make the best decisions for their dogs.
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System in Dogs
- Vulva → Vagina → Cervix → Uterus: The pathway from the external opening to the reproductive organs.
- Ovaries & Uterine Tubes: The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone and release eggs, which travel through the tubes to the uterus.
- Mammary Glands: Usually five pairs, responsible for producing milk after birth.
During spay surgery, the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus are removed through an abdominal incision.
Why Would a Dog Need Spay Surgery?
Spaying is typically recommended to:
- Prevent unwanted pregnancy and heat cycles.
- Reduce or eliminate risk of pyometra, ovarian/uterine cancer, and mammary cancer.
- Prevent vaginal prolapse.
- Manage or stabilize conditions such as diabetes mellitus or Cushing’s disease.
- Reduce roaming or mating-related behaviors.
- Prevent the passing on of genetic conditions.
Benefits of Dog Spay Surgery
- Prevents overpopulation and reduces the number of unwanted pets.
- Cost-effective compared to treating serious reproductive conditions.
- Increases life expectancy and reduces risk of certain cancers.
- Helps stabilize certain medical conditions.
- Reduces problem behaviors like roaming.
Effectiveness of Spay Surgery
Spay surgery is highly effective. However, rare complications can occur, such as ovarian remnant syndrome, where leftover tissue continues producing hormones. This requires additional surgery to correct.
Cost of Dog Spay Surgery
The price varies by region, practice, and dog size:
- $250–$600 or more in private veterinary clinics.
- Additional fees for dogs in heat or overweight.
- Discounts or vouchers may be available through shelters or organizations like the Humane Society.
Preparation for Dog Spay Surgery
- Fasting from food the night before (water allowed until morning).
- Bloodwork and IV catheter placement before anesthesia.
- General anesthesia with pain control and sedation.
- Shaving and sterile prep before the abdominal incision.
Complications of Spay Surgery
While risks are generally low, complications may include:
- Hemorrhage (bleeding during surgery)
- Infection or incision issues (wound dehiscence, seroma)
- Urinary incontinence
- Ovarian remnant syndrome or stump pyometra
- Anesthetic complications
- Rarely, death
Post-Op Care and Recovery
- Recovery period: ~14 days of limited activity (no running, jumping, or rough play).
- Incision care: Keep clean and dry, check daily for redness, swelling, discharge, or odor.
- Pain management: Vets often prescribe pain meds and anti-inflammatories.
- Prevent licking/chewing: Use a recovery collar or suit.
- Diet: Offer small meals the first night; keep diet consistent during recovery.
- Follow-up: Stitches (if present) are usually removed in 10–14 days.
Alternatives to Spay Surgery
Currently, there are no reliable long-term alternatives to spay surgery. Hormonal suppression options are limited and not commonly recommended.
